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Sains Malaysiana 54(10)(2025):
2525-2537
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2025-5410-15
Geochemical
and Mineralogical Characterization of Sangiran Mud Vulcano: Insights into Rare
Earth Element (REE) Enrichment
(Pencirian
Geokimia dan Mineralogi Gunung Berapi Lumpur Sangiran: Pandangan terhadap
Pengayaan Unsur Nadir Bumi (REE))
CAHYO AJI HAPSORO1,*, KHARISMA ASMARANI BUDIONO1, MOCHAMAD KHOIRUL RIFAI1, ALPAN IBRAHIM1, MARIYANTO MARIYANTO2,6, ELEONORA AGUSTINE3, RINA DWI INDRIANA4 & MIMIN IRYANTI5
1Department
of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, State University of
Malang, Jl. Semarang 5, Malang, 65145, Indonesia
Diserahkan:
20 Januari 2025/Diterima: 11 Ogos 2025
Abstract
The Sangiran Mud Volcano (SMV), an inactive mud volcano
located in Central Java, Indonesia, exhibits a unique geological framework with
promising potential for Rare-Earth Element (REE) mineralization. This study
explores the geochemical properties and REE mineral content of SMV through
comprehensive analytical methods, including magnetic susceptibility
measurements for magnetic property analysis, X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) for
quantitative elemental analysis, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) X’Pert PRO PANalytical
plays a role in identifying the crystalline phases of REE-related minerals,
Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-Ray Energy Dispersive
Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) Hitachi Flexsem 1000 provides microscopic
characterization of morphology and elemental composition, and Inductively
Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) is used to determine REE
concentrations with high precision. The findings showed that SMV samples mostly
consist of hematite and cerium, with average concentrations of 83.16% and
16.83%, respectively. Further geochemical analysis identified significant
concentrations of REEs, particularly lanthanum (La) and cerium (Ce), with La
showing the highest average concentration at 44.39 ppm, followed by Ce at 37.96
ppm. Additionally, XRF analysis showed that the oxide composition in the
samples was dominated by SiO2 (55.36%), followed by Fe2O3 (17.18%), Al2O3 (11.11%), CaO (15.73%),
TiO2 (1.02%), K2O (0.8%), and ZrO2 (0.048%). XRD analysis
showed the highest potential REE content in samples T1 and T7, with silicon
iron cerium deuteride concentrations of 19.8% and 19.4%, respectively. SEM-EDS
spectra showed that carbon (C) and oxygen (O) are the main elements, while lower
concentrations of Al, Si, Fe, K, and Ca were observed, and trace elements,
including Mg and Na, were also detected in small amounts, and ICP-OES analysis
detected other REEs, including dysprosium (Dy), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd),
holmium (Ho), neodymium (Nd), praseodymium (Pr), samarium (Sm), terbium (Tb),
yttrium (Y), and scandium (Sc). This decision highlights the potential for REE
mineralization in the SMV. Further exploration and characterization of this
region could enhance understanding of REE enrichment processes in mud volcano
systems and have significant implications for future resource development.
Keywords: Geochemical analysis; hematite and cerium; mineralization potential; Rare
Earth Elements (REE); Sangiran Mud Volcano (SMV)
Abstrak
Gunung Berapi Lumpur Sangiran (SMV), gunung berapi lumpur
tidak aktif yang terletak di Jawa Tengah, Indonesia, mempamerkan rangka kerja
geologi yang tersendiri dengan potensi untuk mineralisasi Unsur Nadir Bumi
(REE). Penyelidikan ini meneroka sifat geokimia dan kandungan mineral REE SMV
melalui kaedah analisis yang komprehensif, termasuk pengukuran kerentanan
magnet digunakan untuk analisis sifat magnetik material, Pendaflour Sinar-X
(XRF) digunakan untuk analisis unsur kuantitatif, Belauan Sinar-X (XRD) X’Pert
PRO PANalytical memainkan peranan dalam mengenal pasti fasa kristal mineral
berkaitan REE, Mikroskopi Elektron Imbasan-Serakan Tenaga Sinar-x Spektroskopi
Serakan Tenaga (SEM-EDS) Hitachi Flexsem 1000 menyediakan pencirian
mikroskopik morfologi dan komposisi unsur dan Spektrometri Pemancaran
Plasma-Optik Berganding Secara Induktif digunakan untuk menentukan kepekatan
REE dengan ketepatan tinggi. Penemuan menunjukkan bahawa sampel SMV
kebanyakannya terdiri daripada hematit dan serium dengan kepekatan purata
masing-masing 83.16% dan 16.83%. Analisis geokimia selanjutnya mengenal pasti
kepekatan ketara REE, khususnya lanthanum (La) dan serium (Ce) dengan La
menunjukkan kepekatan purata tertinggi pada 44.39 ppm diikuti oleh Ce pada
37.96 ppm. Selain itu, analisis XRF menunjukkan sebatian oksida dalam sampel
didominasi oleh SiO2 (55.36%), diikuti oleh Fe2O3 (17.18%), Al2O3 (11.11%), CaO (15.73%),
TiO2 (1.02%), K2O (0.8%) dan ZrO2 (0.048%), analisis XRD
menunjukkan kandungan REE berpotensi tertinggi dalam sampel T1 dan T7 dengan
kepekatan deuteride silikon besi serium masing-masing sebanyak 19.8% dan 19.4%,
spektrum SEM-EDS mendedahkan bahawa karbon (C) dan oksigen (O) adalah unsur
utama, manakala kepekatan Al, Si, Fe, K dan Ca yang lebih rendah diperhatikan
sedangkan unsur kecil, termasuk Mg dan Na juga dikesan dalam jumlah surih dan
analisis ICP-OES mengesan REE lain, termasuk dysprosium (Dy), europium (Eu),
gadolinium (Gd), holmium (Ho), neodymium (Nd), praseodymium (Pr), samarium
(Sm), terbium (Tb), yttrium (Y) dan skandium (Sc). Keputusan ini menggariskan
potensi untuk mineralisasi REE dalam SMV. Penerokaan dan pencirian yang lebih
terperinci bagi rantau ini boleh meningkatkan pemahaman proses pengayaan REE
dalam sistem gunung berapi lumpur dan mempunyai implikasi yang ketara untuk
pembangunan sumber masa hadapan.
Kata
kunci: Analisis geokimia; Gunung Berapi Lumpur Sangiran (SMV); hematit
dan serium; potensi mineralisasi; Unsur Nadi Bumi (REE)
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